<The Basic Lighting Setup
Good lighting -- lighting over which you have control -- consists of three elements, Key, Fill and Back light.
Key Light and Fill Light -- We are accustomed to seeing things in nature illuminated by the sun, or by artificial light from fairly strong directional sources. Strong directional light creates a highlighted side and a less bright side, the shadow.
When lighting artificially, we use the Key Light to replace the sun. If we used the Key alone, the opposite side of the face would be almost black, as there would be little reflected light to help illuminate that side of the face. So we use the Fill light to soften the deep shadows created by the Key Light. The Fill reduces contrasts in the darker areas of your composition, helping the video camera to produce a better image.
The Key is commonly located about 45 ° to the right or left of the camera. The Fill is commonly located 30 to 45 ° from the camera, opposite the Key, and at the same height.
Back Light -- Back light is used to create visual separation of the subject from the background. It creates a halo of light on the hair and shoulders of your subject, or on the top of objects you are video taping. Like the Key and Fill, it should be about 45 ° above the subject (if possible), and should be on as close to a direct line with the camera as is practical.
Too much of a good thing can be detrimental. This is especially true where back light is concerned. A subject photographed in front of a window on a sunny day will be very difficult to light, as you will have to put more light onto the front of the subject than the sun is pouring onto the back. Chances are, no matter how much light you put in front, your subject will still appear to be silhouetted against the natural light from outside.
Position and Mood -- The height of the Key light can play a great role in determining the mood of your lighting. Natural light typically reaches us from about 45 ° above. Light from this direction combined with reflected light from below, causes soft shadows beneath the eyes, nose and chin which help define the face.
Light from directly in front, at eye level, washes out all these shadows, and makes the face seem very flat. This type of lighting is often used in movies when the intention is to make the actor look stressed and pale.
Light from below creates an erie, unnatural effect, perhaps suggesting tension and distress. Think of all the science fiction films you've seen in which the ship's crew, at the height of tension, is lit primarily by light coming up from the instrument panels.
Lighting a Location -- Lets assume you have met an elderly lady from Black Diamond whose oral history of life among the coal miners you are going to tape. How to light her?
Seat her in a chair, in front of a somewhat dark background. If you place her in front of a white wall, for example, it will be much more difficult to light her correctly, as the wall, rather than the lady, will be the brightest object in the camera's field of view.
Set up your camera, and look to see how your subject looks without any special light at all. Chances are, unless you are very lucky, there will not be enough light for good video. Turn on all the lights in the room and try again. Still not too good?
Lets try for the basic setup, then. Place a floor lamp with a 100 watt bulb in it to the right of the camera. This will be your Key Light.
Put another floor lamp on your left, with a 40 watt bulb in it. This is your Fill Light. Look at your monitor (or in your view finder, although this won't give you as good an idea of how the finished tape will look.) If you need more fill -- if the shadow side is too dark -- try one of two things. Increase the wattage from the fill light. Or, with the 40 watt lamp in place, use a piece of foam core or shiny white poster board as a reflector, and reflect some of the light from the Key Light back onto the subject's face from your left.
Now all that's left is to find a small directional lamp to use for the Back Light. A goose neck lamp or desk lamp works well for this. Aim this light so that it falls on your subject's hair and shoulders.
Once again, check your monitor carefully. Move your lights closer or further away to increase or decrease the amount of light falling on the subject. When you're satisfied, white balance your camera. If you don't white balance, all of your footage will have a yellow cast to it. This is a "must do!" If you're not too familiar with the idea of white balance, check it out in the camera portion of these tips.
And now you're ready to shoot!
A Final Note: One of the best rules for the beginner trying to light a subject is to keep it simple.
- Stick to the basics.
- Pay attention to continuity. Make a record of light locations and other aspects of your lighting plan so you can repeat the same set up if you tape the same scene at different times.
- Finally, and perhaps most importantly, remember to allow the story or message to determine the role that light plays in your productions.
